A. Opening Comments

• micro-bio-ology
  
  
• rapid progress in the last 150 years
  
  
• large number and great diversity of microorganisms

    B. Microbes and Humans

• microorganisms make contributions to our every day life
  
  
• microorganisms and disease

    C. Principles of Disease Transmission

• attempted to control diseases without knowing the causes
  
  
• superstitions
  
  
• biological warfare
  
  

    D. Major Epidemics and Endemic Diseases

II. Important Developments in the History of Microbiology

• Spontaneous generation and the germ theory of disease

    A. Spontaneous Generation

• Life from nonliving matter

        2. Anton van Leeuweenhoek (1670):  Father of Microbiology
 
 

        3. Rudolph Virchow (1858):  Theory of biogenesis
 

        4. Louis Pasteur (1861)

• He followed the work of Spallazani (1746)
  
  
• Pasteur designed the swan-neck flask.
   
   

        5. Cohn and Tyndal (1876):  bacterial spores
 

    B. Germ Theory of Disease

• Most people believed in poisonous vapors called miasmas or superstitions

• diseases transmitted by:

            1) direct contact

            2) indirect contact

            3) contact with infected air
 

        2. Bassi (1835)

        3. Schoenlein and Gruby (1839)

        4. Sammelweiss (1847-1850)

        5. Snow (1854)

        6. Lister (1867)

        7. Hansen (1871)

• detected bacteria in the tissue of patients with leprosydetected bacteria in the tissue of patients with leprosy

        8. Koch (1876)

        Koch's postulates

        1) find microorganism in all cases of the disease, but absent in healthy animals

        2) isolate the microorganism from diseased host in pure culture

        3) infect a healthy animal with the microorganism and get the same disease

        Problems with Koch's postulates

        1) some microorganisms cannot be cultured in the lab

        2) may need a particular host

        3) some diseases occur only in a weakened host

        4) presence of normal bacterial flora
 

       9. River's postulates (1937)

1. Isolation of virus from diseased host
2. Cultivation of virus in host tissue
3. Proof of filterability
4. Production of a comparable disease when the cultivated virus is used to infect experimental host
5. Reisolation of the same virus from the infected experimental host
6. Detection of a specific immune response to the virus

    C. Other Important Advances in Microbiology

        1.  Microbial fermentation

            Pasteur (1856) showed that yeast fermented beet sugar.

            Pasteur commissioned by the French wine industry (1859)

            Pasteur discovered the cause of tuberculosis (1882)
 

        2. Laboratory techniques

            a) Koch (1881-1887)

                aseptic techniques, agar, and Petri dishes
 

            b) Hans Gram (1884): Gram Stain
 

        3. Vaccinations

            a) Edward Jenner (1798): smallpox

            b) Pasteur (1870s): chicken cholera
 

            c) Pasteur (1885): Rabies
 

        4.  Immunology

            a)  Metchnikoff (1882): phagocytosis

            b)  Ehrlich (1891): antibodies
 

        5. Viral diseases

            a) Buist (1886)

            b) Beijerinck (1899)

            c) Reed (1900)

            d) Rous (1911): Rous sarcoma virus

             e) World is declared smallpox free

             f) Montaigner and Gallo (1983)

        6. Antimicrobial therapy

            a) Ehrlich (1910): salvarson
 

            b) Fleming (1929): penicillin
 

            c) Domagk (1935): sulfa
 
 

III. Conclusions

    A. Increased Life Expectancy
 
 

    B.  Reasons for Decline in Infectious Diseases
 
 
 
 

    C. Microbes are not Conquered
 
 
 
 

    D. Microbiology Today